1.
Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises: (a) the
right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his
fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations
and customs in force; (b) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a
competent court or tribunal; (c) the right to defense, including the right to be
defended by counsel of his choice; (d) the right to be tried within a reasonable time by
an impartial court or tribunal.
2.
No one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally
punishable offence at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an
offence for which no provision was made at the time it was committed. Punishment is
personal and can be imposed only on the offender.
Official text
Machine-parsed
In force from 8 September 2026
Source page 3